Nichtbürger entsprechend der estnischen Gesetzgebung
Nichtbürger entsprechend der estnischen Gesetzgebung
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Ein Nichtbürger entsprechend der estnischen Gesetzgebung (et:Määratlemata kodakondsusega isikud Eestis, wörtlich: Personen mit unbestimmter Staatsbürgerschaft in Estland[A 1]) ist ein Mensch, der durch das exklusive Konzept der Estnischen Staatsbürgerschaft, beim Zerfall der Sowjetunion eine Ausbürgerung aus dem Staat auf dessen Terrtium er Aufenthaltsrecht hat, erfahren hat.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
[Verbergen]Putativ Staatenloser[Bearbeiten]
Ein Teil dieser, einem estnischen Ausländerrecht, Fremdenrecht unterworfenen Menschen kann die Russische Staatsbürgerschaft erwerben. Ein Staatenloser ist gemäß dem Staatenlosenübereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen vom 28. September 1954 „eine Person, die kein Staat auf Grund seiner Gesetzgebung als seinen Angehörigen betrachtet.“ Das exklusive Konzept der Estnischen Staatsbürgerschaft schuf eine Personengruppe deren Status, neben dem eigenen Willen, von der Betrachtung in jeweils nationalistischen Kontexten geprägten Gesetzgebungen abhängt.
Geschichte[Bearbeiten]
Nach der Wiedererlangung seiner Unabhängigkeit am 20. August 1991 hatte Estland Personen, die diese vor der Annexion durch die UdSSR am 17. Juni 1940 besaßen, und ihren Nachkommen die Staatsbürgerschaft verliehen: Wer diese Bedingungen nicht erfüllte, musste die Staatsbürgerschaft beantragen. und um sie zu erhalten, müssen Sie eine estnische Sprachprüfung bestehen (unter dem Sowjetregime war nur Russisch die "Sprache der interethnischen Kommunikation" - язык межнационального общения). Personen, die weder diese Prüfung bestanden noch eine andere Staatsangehörigkeit (Russisch, Ukrainisch, Weißrussisch oder andere) beantragt haben, werden „Personen mit unbestimmter Staatsangehörigkeit“.
Der Status von „Personen mit unbestimmter Staatsbürgerschaft“ (anders als der Status von Staatenlosen) wurde durch ein Gesetz von 1993 geschaffen Staatsbürgerschaft" benötigen keine besonderen Genehmigungen. Der Hauptunterschied besteht darin, dass „Personen mit unbestimmter Staatsangehörigkeit“ kein Wahlrecht haben, nicht als Beamte arbeiten, Richter, Staatsanwälte, Rechtsanwälte, Rechtsanwaltsassistenten, Notare oder Soldaten werden können (unter dem Sowjetregime war die Situation umgekehrt: Russischsprachige waren "sowjetische Titularbürger" - титульный советский гражданин oder in der Praxis Vorrang im Management, in den Rängen der Armee und in allen wichtigen Funktionen). Andererseits können sie nun im Schengen-Raum und im Gegensatz zu estnischen Bürgern auch ohne Visum in Russland frei reisen[1]. .
Demografische Entwicklung[Bearbeiten]
Am 1. Juli 2020 lebten 69.993 Personen mit unbestimmter Staatsbürgerschaft in Estland. 2011 wurde ihre Anzahl mit 84.494 angegeben.[2]und Ende 2006 mit 125.799.[3].
Die Zahl der Personen mit unbestimmter Staatsbürgerschaft in Estland sinkt aufgrund des Erwerbs der Estnischen Staatsbürgerschaft, (Der Einbürgerungs-test der Estnische Sprache wurde für betagte Personen erleichtert.) des Erwerbs der Staatsbürgerschaft eines anderen Staates und des Todes.[4]
Die Zahl der Personen mit unbestimmter Staatsbürgerschaft in Estland ist in den letzten zehn Jahren um 30.000 Personen zurückgegangen. Es gibt nur wenige neue junge Menschen mit unbestimmter Staatsbürgerschaft.
- Am 1. Juli 2010 gab es 1.914 Personen mit unbestimmter Staatsbürgerschaft in Estland im Alter von 15 Jahren oder jünger.
- Am 1. Juli 2020 gab es 133 Personen mit unbestimmter Staatsbürgerschaft in Estland im Alter von 18 Jahren oder jünger.
| Datum | Anzahl der Staatenlosen laut Bevölkerungsregister[6][7][8][9] |
|---|---|
| 01.01.2007 | 125799 |
| 01.07.2010 | 99173 |
| 01.10.2011 | 95204 |
| 01.09.2012 | 92351 |
| 01.11.2013 | 88977 |
| 01.03.2014 | 87833 |
| 01.01.2015 | 85312 |
| 01.01.2016 | 82561 |
| 01.01.2017 | 79438 |
| 01.01.2018 | 77268 |
| 01.01.2019 | 76148 |
| 01.01.2020 | 71051 |
| 01.07.2020 | 69993 |
| 01.01.2021 | 68992 |
| 01.01.2022 | 66105 |
Die Hauptanstrengungen bei der Einbürgerung von Nichtstaatsbürgern richtete die Regierung auf Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Unterstützung beim Erlernen der estnischen Sprache.
Haushalt des estnischen Integrationsprogramms im Jahr 2002[10]:
| Haushaltstitel | Estnische Krone/Euro Million geschätzt | % Anteil |
|---|---|---|
| Bildung (hauptsächlich Unterrichten der estnischen Sprache und damit verbundene Aktivitäten) | 19,8/1,27 | 46 |
| Bildung und Kultur nat. Minderheiten | 4,6/0,30 | 11 |
| Estnisch lernen für Erwachsene | 6,7/0,43 | 15 |
| gesellschaftliche Bedürfnisse | 4,3/0,28 | 10 |
| Anleitung und Überwachung des Integrationsprogramms | 8,0/0,51 | 18 |
Politik des Russen-Vergrämens[Bearbeiten]
Orchestriertes Push-Pull-Modell der Migration.
Die estnische Regierung ist der Ansicht, dass die Menschen ihre Staatsbürgerschaft wählen können sollten, und ermutigt Personen ohne eine bestimmte Staatsbürgerschaft, die estnische Staatsbürgerschaft durch Einbürgerung oder die Staatsbürgerschaft anderer Länder zu beantragen. Bis zum Jahr 2000 nutzten 113.000 Menschen das Einbürgerungsverfahren, um die Staatsbürgerschaft zu erlangen.[11]
Laut einem Interview mit dem ehemaligen Direktor der Abteilung für Staatsbürgerschaft und Migration en:Citizenship and Migration Board (Estonia), en:Andres Kollist, das im Jahr 2000 veröffentlicht wurde, basierte die Politik der von ihm geleiteten Abteilung von Anfang an darauf, die Abwanderung von Russen und Esten aus Estland zu fördern Regierung hat alles getan, um die Erlangung der Staatsbürgerschaft oder einer Aufenthaltserlaubnis zu erschweren[12][13]
Although Estonia’s ethnic cleavages remain serious, the restrictive citizenship policy has meant that Russians have much less political power, which otherwise might have enabled them to slow the pace of reform.
„Obwohl in Estland nach wie vor ernsthafte nationale Spaltungen bestehen, bedeutet die restriktive Staatsbürgerschaftspolitik, dass die Russen weit weniger politische Rechte haben, da sie sonst den Fortschritt der Reformen verlangsamen könnten.“
Siehe auch[Bearbeiten]
- Nichtbürger
- Einwohner ohne Staatsangehörigkeit, siehe Ausländer
- Nichtbürger (Lettland) (Estonia has a lower percentage of non-citizens or “persons with undetermined citizenship” than Latvia.)
- Esten
- Unruhen in Tallinn 2007
- ru:Russians in Estonia
Externe Links[Bearbeiten]
- Statistikaamet:Tõetamm Määratlemata kodakondsusega isikud
- Kurioosne lugu: endine hallipassinaine protesteerib kohtus Eesti kodakondsuse vastu Delfi Uudised, 07.11.2018
- Hall pass, millal sa ükskord kaod? Margarita Konrõševa, Euroopa Parlamendi liikme Yana Toomi Eesti büroo, 18.11.2019
- persons with undetermined citizenship having been born in Estonia
- https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Racism/SR/NationalityImmigration/Estonia.pdf
- Estnischer Fremdenpass
Estnischer Fremdenpass. 19. Januar 2007: In Estland lebende Personen mit unbestimmter Staatsbürgerschaft, also Inhaber des sogenannten grauen Passes, können ab sofort visumfrei in die EU einreisen.19.01 Eestis elavad määratlemata kodakondsusega inimesed ehk niinimetatud halli passi omanikud pääsevad nüüdsest viisavabalt EU.
23. Februar 2007 Blackface Toomas Hendrik Ilves en:Visa requirements for Estonian citizens Ab dem 11. Januar 2022 hatten estnische Staatsbürger visumfreien (waiver klaglosen) oder visa-on-arrival Zugang zu 181 Ländern und Gebieten (verbunden mit lettischen und slowenischen Pässen), wodurch der estnische Pass laut Henley Passport Index weltweit auf Platz 10 rangiert. Für Inhaber eines estnischen Fremdenpass gelten andere Visabestimmungen.
Nichtbürger halten eine Mahnwache vor dem Schloss Katharinental Amtssitz des Präsident der Republik Estland Toomas Hendrik Ilves 24. Februar 2007.
SPIEGEL: But there is an ongoing dispute over why Russian is not an official language in Estonia.
Ilves: Why should it be?
SPIEGEL: Because at least a quarter of the population are Russians.
Ilves: They're welcome to speak Russian. But in light of the experiences we had during the occupation -- when Russian was the official language and there were no doctors or civil servants who spoke Estonian -- not a single Estonian would vote for a government that plans to change this. In this context, I'd like to mention a speech recently given by (German Chancellor Angela) Merkel. She said that everyone in Germany should learn and speak German, not only so that they can understand their teachers, but also so they can have an economic future in Germany. That's what the German chancellor said.
SPIEGEL: But many Russians in Estonia feel like second-class citizens because, without a passport, they don't even have the right to vote in parliamentary elections.
Ilves: They have more rights than non-citizens in most other countries. First of all, because they can vote in local elections. And secondly, because -- if they truly want to vote -- it's very easy to become an Estonian citizen. We have much more liberal citizenship laws than Germany, Finland, Sweden and Denmark -- not to mention Switzerland and Austria. 26.06.2007 — Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves discusses the dispute ... [15]
Anmerkungen[Bearbeiten]
- Hochspringen ↑ In Estonian political discourse the stateless persons are characterised differently from the legal jargon as individuals 'who have undetermined citizenship' which gives the whole issue a slightly more positive twist.
- Hochspringen ↑ THE COMMITTEE ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
- 73rd Pre-Sessional Working Group (1 – 5 February 2016)
- ESTONIA
- Civil Society Submission on the right of every child to acquire a nationality under Article 7 UN-Kinderrechtskonvention
- 31 October 2015
Introduction[Bearbeiten]
- This civil society submission by the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion (the Institute)1 and the European Network on Statelessness (ENS)2 highlights problems in the realisation of the right of every child to acquire a nationality and the avoidance of childhood statelessness in Estonia. In light of the Committee’s previous recommendations on the issue,3 recommendations issued during the first Universal Periodic Review cycle,4 recommendations by the UN-Ausschuss für die Beseitigung der Rassendiskriminierung5 and the UN-Ausschuss gegen Folter,6 the importance of the eradication of statelessness as expressed by the Hoher Flüchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen #IBelong campaign,7 a history of more than two decades of international and domestic concern on the issue,8 and the Government’s commitment to solving statelessness within its borders,9 the Institute and ENS hope the Committee will:
- Raise the issue of realising the right of every child to acquire a nationality in its List of Issues for Estonia. In particular by asking what progress has been made in drafting legislation to realise the right of every child to a nationality in those situations which are not addressed by the amendments of 21 January 2015 that will make citizenship available for children born in Estonia to parents who are stateless (“with undetermined citizenship”) and who have lived in Estonia at least five years prior to the birth of the child; and
- Address recommendations to the Government of Estonia to further prevent and reduce the problem of childhood statelessness in the country. In particular, in its Concluding Observations on the second, third and fourth report of Estonia, by welcoming the considerable steps Estonia has taken in the prevention of new cases and certain measures for the reduction of current cases of childhood statelessness yet urging the Government to ensure that appropriate legislative and other implementing measures are enacted to prevent and reduce statelessness among children in all situations.
*The report of Estonia to the Committee
- In its combined second, third and fourth periodic reports to the Committee, the Government of Estonia states that the naturalisation of persons with undetermined citizenship continues to be one of its priorities.10 The government indicated a number of measures which have been taken to facilitate access to citizenship for stateless children (under the Estonian legal system “persons with undetermined citizenship”) born in Estonia, including simplifying procedures and conducting information campaigns to encourage applications for citizenship.
- Since the submission of the state party’s report, an important further step towards guaranteeing children’s right to a nationality has been taken with the passing of a new amendment to the Citizenship Act on 21 January 2015. The Institute and ENS hope that the adoption of the List of Issues and the Committee’s dialogue with the government of Estonia provides an opportunity to consider this most recent progress and to address certain flaws and gaps that nevertheless remain unaddressed, as outlined below.
Statelessness in Estonia[Bearbeiten]
- Following its independence in 1991, Estonian citizenship was extended only to citizens of pre-war Estonia and their descendants. As a consequence, almost 40% of the population of Estonia became stateless. This particularly disadvantaged the Soviet-era settlers, who are mainly persons of Russian ethnicity, as well as subsequent generations born on Estonian territory. As of 2014, there were still 89,533 stateless persons in Estonia, including 936 stateless children born in the country.11
- Although persons with “undetermined citizenship” have a stable legal status and a broad range of rights, they remain stateless. As a consequence they are restricted in the enjoyment of their (human) rights. Non-citizens are particularly restricted from political participation and working in public office, as well as other limitations, including in transactions of immovable property.12 As the Committee has previously noted, the stateless situation of parents, who by virtue of their status are unable to participate fully in Estonian society, also negatively impacts on their children’s integration into Estonian society.13
- Despite international and domestic pressure on Estonia to resolve the problem of statelessness within its borders, policy on citizenship remained conservative following the initial Citizenship Act of 1992. To date, children of parents with undetermined citizenship have been entitled to Estonian citizenship by naturalisation only if the parents have lawfully resided in Estonia for at least five years and only following the completion of an application process through which the parents express their will for the child to acquire nationality. As indicated in the state party’s report, failure to make the procedure fully known to the public and parents deciding to not apply on behalf of their child, were identified as reasons for this procedure to be less than optimally effective. This has resulted in the situation faced in Estonia today, where almost a thousand children who were born in the country remain stateless.
- Estonia is a party to most of the core international human rights treaties, including the ICCPR and the optional protocols, the ICESCR, ICERD, CEDAW, CRPD, CAT and of course the CRC. Estonia, however, is not a party to important international and regional conventions dealing with statelessness: it has not acceded to the 1954 Convention on the Status of Stateless Persons, the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness or the European Convention on Nationality.
- Positive developments under the 2015 amendment to the Citizenship Act
- Estonian commitment to solving statelessness led to an amendment to the Citizenship Act being passed on 21 January 2015, which will enter into force on 1 January 2016. This amendment directly relates to children’s right to a nationality and is therefore to be welcomed.
- The most important change that has been brought about through this amendment to the Citizenship Act relates to article 13(4), which now provides as follows:
- A child under 15 years of age, who was born in Estonia, will acquire Estonian citizenship by naturalization starting from the time of his or her birth, if his or her parents or a single parent have been legally residing in Estonia for at least five years by the time of birth of the child and they are not considered as citizens by any other State on the basis of any legal act in force.
- Whereas the previous law required parents to “opt-in” before children could acquire Estonian nationality (through a procedure that parents did not always initiate), the new law provides for automatic acquisition of nationality by children who would otherwise be stateless if the conditions are met. The new law will, however, retain the possibility for parents to “opt-out”: they can renounce this citizenship on behalf of their child during the first year after birth.14
- It is further encouraging that, when it enters into force on 1 January 2016, the new law will retroactively apply to children under the age of 15. It is unclear, however, whether retroactive application will continue to depend on parental notification.
- Enduring problems and suggested questions for the state party’s review
- Despite the 2015 amendment, certain children remain at risk of becoming stateless due to gaps that persist in the Estonian legislation and the possibility of problems arising in the implementation of the new law.
- The new law does not address the situation of all stateless children born in Estonia because it is limited to those whose: “… parents or a single parent have been legally residing in Estonia for at least five years by the time of birth of the child and they are not considered as citizens by any other State on the basis of any legal act in force.” This provision does not provide for access to citizenship for a child whose parent(s) have citizenship of another country, but who is stateless because the parent(s) are unable to transmit this citizenship to the child. Stateless children born in Estonia whose parents do not meet the requirement of at least 5 years lawful residence prior to the birth of the child are similarly left without means to acquire nationality.
- In light of international standards on the right of every child to acquire a nationality, without discrimination,15 and previous recommendations made the Committee,16 the acquisition of nationality by stateless children born in the territory of a state should not be contingent on the nationality, legal status or duration of residence status of the parents. It is suggested that the Committee raise the question why certain categories of otherwise stateless children continue to be excluded from the acquisition of Estonian nationality.
- When the new law comes into force on 1 January 2016, its retroactive application will be limited to children under the age of 15. All persons older and born on the territory, including stateless children aged between 15 and 18 years, will remain excluded from acquiring nationality. Consequently not all 936 children born in Estonia who currently are stateless will benefit. It is furthermore unclear whether the retroactive application will be automatic as of 1 January 2016 or if it requires children to follow a procedure.
- It is suggested that the Committee raise the question of whether the retroactive application of the law will be automatic and what measures will be taken to ensure its effective implementation so as to provide a remedy for children who are currently stateless - in light of General Comment No. 5 on the general measures of implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and as well as concerns regarding the dissemination of previous information on naturalisation. It is also suggested that the Committee inquire about how many children (and adults) will fall outside the age-related scope of the new law and what further measures the government is planning to provide a remedy for them.
- In accordance with the new law, the children of stateless parents will continue to acquire “citizenship by naturalisation” which appears to be a distinct category of citizenship under the Estonian Citizenship Act. Children of Estonian nationals receive “citizenship by birth”. According to the state party’s report, “no one may be deprived of Estonian citizenship acquired by birth”, while citizenship by naturalisation may be deprived on a number of grounds.17
- With a view to ensuring the avoidance of discrimination between the nationals of a state, it is suggested that the Committee raise the question what are the exact differences in rights and duties attached to these different categories of citizenship as well as whether the Government will reconsider the granting of an apparently more precarious form of citizenship to stateless children born on the territory.
- The possibility for parents to “opt-out” of Estonian nationality on behalf of their children within the first year of the child’s life may continue to cause statelessness based on the parents’ views on citizenship.
- Given the principle of non-discrimination enshrined in article 2 (including article 2, paragraph 3) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the principle of the best interests of the child, it is suggested that the Committee ask whether and how the state will protect the child from the consequences of statelessness in situations where the parent decides to opt out.
Recommendations[Bearbeiten]
- Based on the points identified above and the stated dedication of the Estonian Government to solving statelessness within its territory, the following recommendations are made which we hope the Committee will consider in urging the Government to solve statelessness:
- Enact legislation to guarantee the right to acquire a nationality for all otherwise stateless children born in Estonia, regardless of the parents’ nationality or statelessness, or of their residence status.
- Take further measures to reduce and ultimately eradicate existing cases of statelessness, particularly among children, including through expanding and enforcing the retroactive implementation of safeguards to provide a nationality to stateless children born on the territory.
- Implement information campaigns and other measures to disseminate information about the 2015 amendments to the Citizenship Act.
- Consider the granting of “citizenship by birth” to stateless children born in the country, as opposed to the more precarious status of “citizenship by naturalisation” which is currently provided for, and review legislation which distinguishes between different categories of citizenship to ensure the avoidance of discrimination between nationals.
- Accede to the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness and the European Convention on Nationality.
Nota Bene[Bearbeiten]
- 1 The Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion is an independent non-profit organization committed to promoting the human rights of stateless persons and fostering inclusion to ultimately end statelessness. Addressing childhood statelessness is one of the core thematic priorities of the Institute. See further: www.InstituteSI.org.
- 2 The European Network on Statelessness is a civil society alliance of NGOs, academic initiatives and individual experts committed to addressing statelessness. With 103 members in 39 European countries, the Network’s current thematic priority is ending childhood statelessness in Europe, including through its #StatelessKids campaign. See further www.statelessness.eu.
- 3 CRC/C/15/Add.196, 17 March 2003, para. 29.
- 4 In March 2011, Estonia accepted the recommendation made by Ecuador, during the first UPR cycle, to “Resolve the problem of persons without citizenship, and prevent such cases from arising in the future”.
- 5 CERD/C/EST/CO/10-11, 22 September 2014.
- 6 CAT/C/EST/CO/5, 17 June 2013.
- 7 The UNHCR #IBelong campaign aims to eradicate statelessness by the year 2024, see further: http://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/.
- 8 Including numerous recommendations during the 1990s by OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities, Max van der Stoel and in recent years by Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, Nils Muižnieks.
- 9 Combined second, third and fourth state party reports, CRC/C/EST/2-4, April 2013.
- 10 Ibid, pp. 39.
- 11 UNHCR, Mid-Year Trends 2014; Explanation note to the amendment to the Citizenship Act (nr737), available at: http://www.riigikogu.ee/download/ab5f780c-3b11-4bb3-8f5b-d819ec8deaa4/ab5f780c-3b11-4bb3-8f5b-d819ec8deaa4.
- 12 European Network on Statelessness and the Legal Information Centre for Human Rights ‘Ending Childhood Statelessness: A Study on Estonia’ (2014) pp. 6-7.
- 13 Above n3.
- 14 Explanatory Note to the amendment.
- 15 Including Human Rights Committee, General Comment 17: Article 24 (Rights of the Child), 7 April 1989.
- 16 Including CRC/C/CZE/CO/3-4, 4 August 2011; CRC/C/TKM/CO/2-4, January 2015;
- 17 Above n8, pp. 44-45.
- Hochspringen ↑ ru:Молодёжь Эстонии (Estnische Jugend) war eine russischsprachige Zeitung, die von 1950 bis 2009 in Estland erschien. In den 1990er - 2000er Jahren die größte Abonnementzeitung in Estland in russischer Sprache, die auch in elektronischer Form erhältlich war. Die Zeitung richtete sich in erster Linie an die russischsprachige Bevölkerung der Republik, die hauptsächlich in der Hauptstadt Tallinn sowie im überwiegend russischsprachigen nordöstlichen Kreis Ida-Viru lebt. Vom Tag ihrer Gründung 1950 bis 1956 hieß sie „Stalin-Jugend“. Bis Ende der 1980er Jahre war die Zeitung das Organ des Komsomol von Estland und ihre Auflage erreichte 100.000 Exemplare. Im vierten Quartal 2008 betrug die Leserschaft (ohne Auflage) der Zeitung 42.000 Personen.[1] Die letzte Ausgabe der Zeitung wurde am 30. April 2009 veröffentlicht. Irina Ristmyagi, Sergey Sergeev, Arkady Prisyazhny, Ilya Nikiforov und ru:Денисов, Родион Андреевич (Rodion Denisov) waren zu verschiedenen Zeiten Chefredakteur der Zeitung.
Einzelnachweise[Bearbeiten]
- Hochspringen ↑ The European Democracy Observatory (EUDO), ist Teil des Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies einer Fakultät des Europäisches Hochschulinstitut, EUDO Citizenship Observatory: Country Report: Estonia, ноябрь 2009, обновлён в апреле 2010
- Hochspringen ↑ REL 2011: Loendatud põliselanikud kodakondsuse ja soo järgi, Statistikaamet
- Hochspringen ↑ Kodakondsusstatistika, Rahvastikuminister, Arhiiv
- Hochspringen ↑ "Hallipassimeeste arv väheneb jõudsalt" ERR, 20.06.2018
- Hochspringen ↑ Määratlemata kodakondsusega elanike arv on langenud alla 70 000 (Die Zahl der Menschen mit unbestimmter Staatsangehörigkeit ist auf unter 70.000 gesunken). ERR Uudised. 03.07.2020. Abgerufen am 2. Juli 2022.
- Hochspringen ↑ Arhiiv: Citizenship estonia.eu 14.01.2016
- Hochspringen ↑ Kodakondsus ja ränne, Siseministeerium
- Hochspringen ↑ Eestis elab 147 riigi kodanikke, ERR
- Hochspringen ↑ [1]
- Hochspringen ↑ Вадим Владимирович Полещук Poleshchuk V.: Неграждане в Эстонии, Основы государственной политики в отношении иностранцев (Nichtbürger in Estland, Grundlagen der staatlichen Ausländerpolitik). Центр информации по правам человекаMenschenrechtsinformationszentrum.
- Hochspringen ↑ Состав населения Эстонии по гражданству. Archiviert vom Original am 10. August 2011. Abgerufen am 3. November 2010.
- Hochspringen ↑ ru:Молодёжь Эстонии (Estnische Jugend), 12. Februat 2000 Бывший генеральный директор Департамента гражданства и миграции Андрес Коллист: «Их целью было превратить жизнь русских в ад» (Ehemaliger Generaldirektor der Staatsbürgerschafts- und Migrationsbehörde Andres Kollist), [2]
- Hochspringen ↑ Postimees, 7. Februar 2000, Kodakondsusameti endine peadirektor Andres Kollist; Nende eesmärk oli venelaste elu põrguks muuta, [3]
- Hochspringen ↑ Bertelsmann Stiftung, The BTI is a joint project of the Bertelsmann Stiftung and the Center for Applied Policy Research (C·A·P) der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München .: Estonia Country Report
- Hochspringen ↑ Der Spiegel, 26. Juni 2007, [4]
Kategorie:Recht (Estland) Kategorie:Gesellschaft (Estland)
